Al-Imam al-Mahdi, The Just Leader of Humanity
Click for Transliterated Version
Contents
Translator's Introduction
Author's Introduction
Chapter 1
The Beginning of the Belief in the Mahdi
The Mahdi from among the Descendants of the Prophet
The Sunni hadith on the Subject of the Mahdi
The Objection Raised by One of the Authors
Ibn Khaldun and the Traditions about the Mahdi
Other Opinions from Ibn Khaldun
The Existence of the Mahdi is Certain
People Awaited the Appearance of the Mahdi
The Discussion among the Companions and the Subsequent Generations
The Jurists of Medina and the Mahdi Traditions
The Poetry of Di'bil and the Mahdi
Chapter 2
The Pseudo-Mahdis
Manipulation of the Beliefs of the People
Fabrication of the Traditions
The Family of the Prophet and the Eleven Imams' Predictions about the Mahdi
Are these Traditions about the Mahdi Authentic?
Chapter 3
Mahdiism, the Jews, and the Iranians
The Reasons for the Emergence of Belief in the Mahdiism
Does it Really Need Explication?
The Legend of 'Abd Allah b. Saba
The Messianic Leader, Mahdi, in Other Religions
The Qur'an and Mahdiism
The General Prophethood and the Imamate
What System Can Make Human Beings Prosperous?
The Other-worldly Prosperity
The Path of Perfection
The Infallibility of the Prophets
Rational Proof in Support of the Imamate
Textual Proof for the Necessity of the Imamate
Chapter 4
The Unseen World and the Imam of the Age
Will the Imam Be Born at the End of the Time?
Descriptions Identifying the Mahdi
Mahdi Is Among the Descendants of Husayn b. 'Ali
What If the Mahdi Was Well-known?
The Traditions from the ahl al-bayt Are Proofs for All Muslims
`Ali b. Abi Talib, the Paragon of the Prophetic Knowledge
The Book of 'Ali b. Abi Talib
The Heirs to the Prophet's Knowledge
Chapter 5
Who Was the Imam after Hasan 'Askari?
Those Who Saw the Imam of the Age When He Was Small
Why Was the Twelfth Imam Not Mentioned in the Will of Imam Hasan 'Askari?
Why Did Others Not Know about the Twelfth Imam's Birth?
The Mother of the Twelfth Imam
The Sunni 'Ulama' and the Birth of the Mahdi
Chapter 6
Can a Five Year Old Boy Become an Imam?
The Gifted Children
Rising of the People when Naming the Qa'im
When Did the Story about the Occultation Begin?
The Books on the Subject of the Occultation before the Birth of the Twelfth Imam
The Short and Complete Occultation
The Short Occultation and the Contacts with the Shi'a
Were these Letters from the Imam in His Own Handwriting?
The Number of Deputies
'Uthman b. Sa'id, the First Deputy
Muhammad b. 'Uthman, the Second Deputy
Husayn b. Ruh, the Third Deputy
'Ali b. Muhammad Samarri, the Fourth Deputy
Chapter 7
Why Did Not the Occultation Become Complete from the Beginning?
Is There Any Time Limit to the Complete Occultation?
The Philosophy of Occultation
What Danger Faced the Imam If He Were Visibly Present?
Why Is the Mahdi Afraid of Being Killed?
Does Not God Have the Power to Protect the Imam?
Is It Not Likely That the Unjust Rulers Would Have Submitted to Him?
He Should Remain Silent So That He Would Be Safe
He Could Have Negotiated a Treaty of Non-interference with the Rulers
Why Did He Not Appoint Special Deputies During the Complete Occultation?
What Is the Benefit of Having the Imam in Occultation?
The Twelfth Imam Endeavors to Defend Islam during the Occultation
Chapter 8
The Sunni Books on the Characteristics of the Mahdi
The Occultation of the 'Alawid Leaders
Violations of Free Expression under the Caliphs
The Implications of the Situation
How Long Will the Hidden Imam Live?
Chapter 9
The Research about Longevity
Is There Any Fixed Term for Human Age?
The Reasons for Longevity
Senility and Its Causes
The Long Life of the Twelfth Imam
The Article by Justin Glace
Research into the Matter of Longevity
Further Research on Longevity
New Research on Longevity
A Summary of a Russian Study on the Subject of Old Age
A Little Known Theory about the Cause of Death
Those Who Lived a Long Life in History
Chapter 10
The Residence of the Twelfth Imam
The Story about the Countries that Belong to the Sons of the Imam
Jazira Khadra' (The Evergreen Island)
When Will He Appear?
The Signs of His Appearance
The Story of Sufyani
The Story of Dajjal
Chapter 11
The Minds of the People Prepare for the Advent of the Mahdi
The Final Victory of the Downtrodden (mustad'afin)
Why Does the Mahdi Not Appear?
Another Reason for the Delay in the Appearance of the Mahdi
Chapter 12
How Will the Imam Know That the Time for the Appearance (Zuhur) Has Come?
The Preparation for the Emergence Will Take Place Overnight
Awaiting Deliverance through the Appearance of the Imam
Investigation into the Traditions against the Rise (qiyam)
Governance within Religion
The Obligation to Command the Good and Forbid the Evil
Concluding Remarks
The Prophet as the Leader of the Muslims
Islamic Governance after the Prophet
`Ali b. Abi Talib, the Designated Caliph of the Prophet of God
Islamic Governance during the Period of Occultation
The Obligations of Muslims during the Occultation
Chapter 13
Further Investigation in the Hadith-Reports
First Group of Traditions
Second Group of Traditions
Third Group of Traditions
Fourth Group of Traditions
Conclusions of the Discussion
Chapter 14
The Signs of the Appearance (Zuhur) of the Mahdi
The Destiny of the Unbelievers
The Destiny of Jews and Christians
Will the Majority of the Peoples on the Earth Be Killed?
The Teachings of Islam Will Be Proclaimed to the World from Qumm
"Your Enemies Will Destroy Each Other"
War Is Inevitable
The Mahdi's Defense
The World under the Mahdi
The Victory of the Prophets
The Mahdi and the New Constitution
The Conduct of the Mahdi
The Freshness of the Explanations Offered by the Mahdi
The Mahdi and Abrogation of the Ordinances
Is It Not Possible that the Mahdi Has Already Appeared?
Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad Shirazi, "the Bab"
Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad's Acknowledgement of the Hidden Imam's Existence
Sayyid 'Ali Muhammad and the Traditions about Fixing of the Time
What Do the Sayyid's Followers Say?
The Bayan and Messianic Claim
False Claims and the Existence of a Followership
An effort of the Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
Saturday, February 16, 2008
Imam Mahdi (Descendent of Prophet Muhammad PBUH)
by Mufti A.H. Elias and Mohammad Ali ibn Zubair Ali
Who Is Imam Mahdi?
Note: Please do not confuse Imam Mahdi with Hadhrat Isa (Jesus) Alayhis Salaam. They are two different persons, and both will come during the last days. According to Hadeeth, Imam Mahdi will appear first, and Hadhrat Isa (A.S.) will appear during Imam Mahdi's lifetime. Furthermore, only Hadhrat Isa (A.S.) will be able to kill Dajjal (the "anti-Christ").
The term "MAHDI" is a title meaning "The Guided one".
Hadhrat Abdullah bin Mas'ood (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "This world will not come to an end until one person from my progeny does not rule over the Arabs, and his name will be the same as my name." (Tirmidhi)
Hadhrat Ali (R.A.) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "Even if only a day remains for Qiyamah to come, yet Allah will surely send a man from my family who will fill this world with such justice and fairness, just as it initally was filled with oppression." (Abu Dawood)
His Features
Hadhrat Abu Saeed Khudri (R.A.) relates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "Al Mahdi will be from my progeny. His forehead will be broad and his nose will be high. He will fill the world with justice and fairness at a time when the world will be filled with oppression. He will rule for seven years."
Other ahadeeth inform us that:
* He will be tall
* He will be fair complexioned
* His facial features will be similar to those of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
* His character will be exactly like that of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
* His father's name will be Abdullah
* His mother's name will be Aamina
* He will speak with a slight stutter and occasionally this stutter will frustrate him causing him to hit his hand upon his thigh.
* His age at the time of his emergence will be forty years
* He will receive Knowledge from Allah.
His Emergence and Rule
Hadhrat Umme Salmah (R.A.) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, " After the death of a Ruler there will be some dispute between the people. At that time a citizen of Madina will flee (from Madinah) and go to Makkah. While in Makkah, certain people will approach him between Hajrul Aswad and Maqaame Ibraheem, and forcefully pledge their allegiance to him.
Thereafter a huge army will proceed from Syria to attack him but when they will be at Baida, which is between Makkah and Madina, they will be swallowed into the ground.
On seeing this, the Abdaals of Shaam as well as large numbers of people from Iraq will come to him and pledge their allegiance to him. Then a person from the Quraish, whose uncle will be from the Bani Kalb tribe will send an army to attack him, only to be overpowered, by the will of Allah. This (defeated) army will be that of the Bani Kalb. Unfortunate indeed is he who does not receive a share from the booty of the Kalb. This person (Imam Mahdi) will distribute the spoils of war after the battle. He will lead the people according to the Sunnat and during his reign Islam will spread throughout the world. He will remain till seven years (since his emergence). He will pass away and the Muslims will perform his Janazah salaat." (Abu Dawood)
According to a Hadeeth, Sayyidena Eesa (A.S.) will lead the Janaazah of Imam Mahdi (A.S.).
While the people will be pledging their allegiance to Imaam Mahdi, a voice from the unseen will call out:
"This is the representative of Allah,
The Mahdi, listen to him and obey him"
This announcement which will be heard by all those present will establish his authenticity. Another sign which will indicate the authenticity of Imaam Mahdi wil be that in the Ramadhaan prior to his emergence an eclipse of the sun and moon will occur.
Hadhrat Abu Umamah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "There will be four peace agreements between you and the Romans. The fourth agreement will be mediated through a person who will be from the progeny of Hadhrat Haroon (A.S.) and will be upheld for seven years."
The people asked: "O Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam), who will be the Imaam of the people at the time?"
Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "He will be from my progeny and will be forty years of age. His face will shine like a star and he will have a black spot on his left cheek. He will don two "Qutwaani" cloaks and will appear exactly as a person from the Bani Israeel..." (Tabrani)
According to hadith narrated by Abu Saeed Khudri (R.A.) Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "...(regarding the rule of Imaam Mahdi) the skies will rain down in abundance and the earth will yield forth its crop in abundance, and those alive will desire that those who have already passed away should have been alive to enjoy this prosperity..."
Hadhrat Buraidah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "There will be many armies after me. You must join that army which will come from Khurasaan." (Ibn Adi)
Abu Hurairah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "(Armies carrying) black flags will come from Khurasaan. No power will be able to stop them and they will finally reach Eela (Baitul Maqdas) where they will erect their flags."
from: "Signs of Qiyamah"
by Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair Ali
More Hadeeth (with references) (contributed by Bradley Bilal).
1) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "Even if the entire duration of the world's existence has already been exhausted and only one day is left (before the day of judgment), Allah will expand that day to such a length of time, as to accommodate the kingdom of a person from my Ahlul-Bayt who will be called by my name. He will fill out the earth with peace and justice as it will have been full of injustice and tyranny (by then)."
References:
Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v2, p86, v9, pp 74-75
Sunan Abu Dawud, v2, p7
Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, v1, pp 84,376; V3, p63
2) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "al-Mahdi is one of us, the members of the household (Ahlul-Bayt)."
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4085
3) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: The Mahdi will be of my family, of the descendants of Fatimah (the daughter of the Prophet (PBUH)).
References:
Sunan Abu Dawud, English version, Ch. 36, Tradition #4271 (narrated by Umm Salama, the wife of the Prophet)
Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4086
4) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "We (I and my family) are members of a household that Allah (SWT) has chosen for them the life of the Hereafter over the life of this world; and the members of my household (Ahlul-Bayt) shall suffer a great affliction and they shall be forcefully expelled from their homes after my death; then there will come people from the East carrying black flags, and they will ask for some good to be given to them, but they shall be refused service; as such, they will wage war and emerge victorious, and will be offered that which they desired in the first place, but they will refuse to accept it till they pass it to a man from my family (Ahlul-Bayt) appears to fill the Earth with justice as it has been filled with corruption. So whoever reaches that (time) ought to come to them even if crawling on the ice/snow since among them is the Vice-regent of Allah (Khalifatullah) al-Mahdi."
References:
Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4082,
The History Tabari
al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah, by Ibn Hajar, Ch. 11, section 1, pp 250-251
5) Abu Nadra reported: We were with the company of Jabir Ibn Abdillah... Jabir Ibn Abdillah kept quite for a while and then reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having said: "There would be a Caliph in the last (period) of my Ummah who would freely give handfuls of wealth to the people without counting it." I said to Abu Nadra and Abu al-Ala: Do you mean Umar Ibn Abd al-Aziz? They said: NO, (he would be Imam Mahdi).
References:
Sahih Muslim, English version, v4, chapter MCCV, p1508, Tradition #6961
Sahih Muslim, Arabic version, Kitab al-Fitan, v4, p2234, Tradition #67
6) "al-Mahdi is from our Ahlul-Bayt, no doubt Allah will enforce his appearance within a night (i.e., his coming is very unpredictable and is very sudden)."
References: Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, p269
Compiled from various sources by Islam.tc, webmaster@islam.tc
by Mufti A.H. Elias and Mohammad Ali ibn Zubair Ali
Who Is Imam Mahdi?
Note: Please do not confuse Imam Mahdi with Hadhrat Isa (Jesus) Alayhis Salaam. They are two different persons, and both will come during the last days. According to Hadeeth, Imam Mahdi will appear first, and Hadhrat Isa (A.S.) will appear during Imam Mahdi's lifetime. Furthermore, only Hadhrat Isa (A.S.) will be able to kill Dajjal (the "anti-Christ").
The term "MAHDI" is a title meaning "The Guided one".
Hadhrat Abdullah bin Mas'ood (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "This world will not come to an end until one person from my progeny does not rule over the Arabs, and his name will be the same as my name." (Tirmidhi)
Hadhrat Ali (R.A.) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "Even if only a day remains for Qiyamah to come, yet Allah will surely send a man from my family who will fill this world with such justice and fairness, just as it initally was filled with oppression." (Abu Dawood)
His Features
Hadhrat Abu Saeed Khudri (R.A.) relates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "Al Mahdi will be from my progeny. His forehead will be broad and his nose will be high. He will fill the world with justice and fairness at a time when the world will be filled with oppression. He will rule for seven years."
Other ahadeeth inform us that:
* He will be tall
* He will be fair complexioned
* His facial features will be similar to those of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
* His character will be exactly like that of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
* His father's name will be Abdullah
* His mother's name will be Aamina
* He will speak with a slight stutter and occasionally this stutter will frustrate him causing him to hit his hand upon his thigh.
* His age at the time of his emergence will be forty years
* He will receive Knowledge from Allah.
His Emergence and Rule
Hadhrat Umme Salmah (R.A.) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, " After the death of a Ruler there will be some dispute between the people. At that time a citizen of Madina will flee (from Madinah) and go to Makkah. While in Makkah, certain people will approach him between Hajrul Aswad and Maqaame Ibraheem, and forcefully pledge their allegiance to him.
Thereafter a huge army will proceed from Syria to attack him but when they will be at Baida, which is between Makkah and Madina, they will be swallowed into the ground.
On seeing this, the Abdaals of Shaam as well as large numbers of people from Iraq will come to him and pledge their allegiance to him. Then a person from the Quraish, whose uncle will be from the Bani Kalb tribe will send an army to attack him, only to be overpowered, by the will of Allah. This (defeated) army will be that of the Bani Kalb. Unfortunate indeed is he who does not receive a share from the booty of the Kalb. This person (Imam Mahdi) will distribute the spoils of war after the battle. He will lead the people according to the Sunnat and during his reign Islam will spread throughout the world. He will remain till seven years (since his emergence). He will pass away and the Muslims will perform his Janazah salaat." (Abu Dawood)
According to a Hadeeth, Sayyidena Eesa (A.S.) will lead the Janaazah of Imam Mahdi (A.S.).
While the people will be pledging their allegiance to Imaam Mahdi, a voice from the unseen will call out:
"This is the representative of Allah,
The Mahdi, listen to him and obey him"
This announcement which will be heard by all those present will establish his authenticity. Another sign which will indicate the authenticity of Imaam Mahdi wil be that in the Ramadhaan prior to his emergence an eclipse of the sun and moon will occur.
Hadhrat Abu Umamah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "There will be four peace agreements between you and the Romans. The fourth agreement will be mediated through a person who will be from the progeny of Hadhrat Haroon (A.S.) and will be upheld for seven years."
The people asked: "O Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam), who will be the Imaam of the people at the time?"
Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "He will be from my progeny and will be forty years of age. His face will shine like a star and he will have a black spot on his left cheek. He will don two "Qutwaani" cloaks and will appear exactly as a person from the Bani Israeel..." (Tabrani)
According to hadith narrated by Abu Saeed Khudri (R.A.) Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "...(regarding the rule of Imaam Mahdi) the skies will rain down in abundance and the earth will yield forth its crop in abundance, and those alive will desire that those who have already passed away should have been alive to enjoy this prosperity..."
Hadhrat Buraidah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "There will be many armies after me. You must join that army which will come from Khurasaan." (Ibn Adi)
Abu Hurairah (R.A.) says that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said: "(Armies carrying) black flags will come from Khurasaan. No power will be able to stop them and they will finally reach Eela (Baitul Maqdas) where they will erect their flags."
from: "Signs of Qiyamah"
by Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair Ali
More Hadeeth (with references) (contributed by Bradley Bilal).
1) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "Even if the entire duration of the world's existence has already been exhausted and only one day is left (before the day of judgment), Allah will expand that day to such a length of time, as to accommodate the kingdom of a person from my Ahlul-Bayt who will be called by my name. He will fill out the earth with peace and justice as it will have been full of injustice and tyranny (by then)."
References:
Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v2, p86, v9, pp 74-75
Sunan Abu Dawud, v2, p7
Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, v1, pp 84,376; V3, p63
2) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "al-Mahdi is one of us, the members of the household (Ahlul-Bayt)."
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4085
3) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: The Mahdi will be of my family, of the descendants of Fatimah (the daughter of the Prophet (PBUH)).
References:
Sunan Abu Dawud, English version, Ch. 36, Tradition #4271 (narrated by Umm Salama, the wife of the Prophet)
Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4086
4) The Prophet (PBUH and HF) said: "We (I and my family) are members of a household that Allah (SWT) has chosen for them the life of the Hereafter over the life of this world; and the members of my household (Ahlul-Bayt) shall suffer a great affliction and they shall be forcefully expelled from their homes after my death; then there will come people from the East carrying black flags, and they will ask for some good to be given to them, but they shall be refused service; as such, they will wage war and emerge victorious, and will be offered that which they desired in the first place, but they will refuse to accept it till they pass it to a man from my family (Ahlul-Bayt) appears to fill the Earth with justice as it has been filled with corruption. So whoever reaches that (time) ought to come to them even if crawling on the ice/snow since among them is the Vice-regent of Allah (Khalifatullah) al-Mahdi."
References:
Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, Tradition #4082,
The History Tabari
al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah, by Ibn Hajar, Ch. 11, section 1, pp 250-251
5) Abu Nadra reported: We were with the company of Jabir Ibn Abdillah... Jabir Ibn Abdillah kept quite for a while and then reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having said: "There would be a Caliph in the last (period) of my Ummah who would freely give handfuls of wealth to the people without counting it." I said to Abu Nadra and Abu al-Ala: Do you mean Umar Ibn Abd al-Aziz? They said: NO, (he would be Imam Mahdi).
References:
Sahih Muslim, English version, v4, chapter MCCV, p1508, Tradition #6961
Sahih Muslim, Arabic version, Kitab al-Fitan, v4, p2234, Tradition #67
6) "al-Mahdi is from our Ahlul-Bayt, no doubt Allah will enforce his appearance within a night (i.e., his coming is very unpredictable and is very sudden)."
References: Sunan Ibn Majah, v2, p269
Compiled from various sources by Islam.tc, webmaster@islam.tc
Thursday, November 8, 2007
Terima kasih telah berkunjung ke blog saya.
Begitu banyak hal baru di dunia internet. Beberapa diantaranya menarik perhatian saya.
Rasanya sangat menyenangkan bisa berbagi pengalaman dengan Anda.
Tertarik untuk mengikuti jejak petualangan saya?
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin melihat-lihat apa yang telah saya jelajahi berdasarkan kategori.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang sudah dewasa dan masih menyenangi sesuatu yang syuuu...rrr.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin menambah penghasilan dari internet.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin mengenal negara-negara di dunia.
Saya berharap Anda bisa menikmatinya.
Semoga bisa bermanfaat
Begitu banyak hal baru di dunia internet. Beberapa diantaranya menarik perhatian saya.
Rasanya sangat menyenangkan bisa berbagi pengalaman dengan Anda.
Tertarik untuk mengikuti jejak petualangan saya?
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin melihat-lihat apa yang telah saya jelajahi berdasarkan kategori.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang sudah dewasa dan masih menyenangi sesuatu yang syuuu...rrr.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin menambah penghasilan dari internet.
Klik di sini untuk Anda yang ingin mengenal negara-negara di dunia.
Saya berharap Anda bisa menikmatinya.
Semoga bisa bermanfaat
Saturday, October 27, 2007
Banyak hal di dunia ini yang menarik perhatian saya. Beberapa telah saya kumpulkan sebagai koleksi pribadi.
Agar lebih memudahkan dalam pencarian saya telah mengelompokkan semua yang telah saya kumpulkan dalam beberapa kategori
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Administration Agriculture Agronomy Art Biography Biology Business Culture Economy Education Entertainment Fashion Forex Geography Geology History Hobby Hydrology Law Life Style Linguistic Literature Money Mythology Philosophy Politic Psychology Religion Science Sex Soccer Social Sport TechnologyPujarengkono
Agar lebih memudahkan dalam pencarian saya telah mengelompokkan semua yang telah saya kumpulkan dalam beberapa kategori
Category
Pujarengkono
Administration Agriculture Agronomy Art Biography Biology Business Culture Economy Education Entertainment Fashion Forex Geography Geology History Hobby Hydrology Law Life Style Linguistic Literature Money Mythology Philosophy Politic Psychology Religion Science Sex Soccer Social Sport TechnologyPujarengkono
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